Equality and Diversity Pttls

and Discuss issues of equality and diversity and ways to promote inclusion with your learners. Review other points of referral available to meet the potential needs of learners. To fully understand the above we really need to understand the terms. Equality means to be equal before law and without any discrimination. This is particularly important to minorities and to the poor. Through equality every one has the right to fair choices. Diversity is used to describe political entities who have identifiable differences in their background and lifestyles including ethnic minorities. Inclusion means to meet your learners needs, which some may have more than others. These needs should be appropriately met to enable full participation in the classroom. The main issue related to equality and diversity would be exclusion. If the tutor does not meet the needs for those with a different background then it can often end with the student feeling not only left out but to feel neglected and can lead to missed lessons and also feeling that they don’t belong their. The tutor should be committed to providing equal opportunities for each of his/her students. You should demonstrate your commitment to equal opportunities through everything you say and do in your work with adult students. †Ã‚   (1993:13). Promotion of equality within the classroom is not only an expectation but a requirement by law. ‘All students must feel that they are positively and equally valued and accepted, and that their efforts to learn are recognised, and judged without bias. It is not enough that they are tolerated. They must feel that they, and the groups to which they belong (e. g. ender, social-class or attainment groups) are fully and equally accepted and valued by you, and the establishment in which you work’. Petty (1998:69) To promote inclusion within your classroom you will need to respond positively to the diverse needs of your learners. How you communicate with your learners is essential ensuring learners can understand what you are saying. Ensuring body language and comments are appropriate and are no offensive. Teaching methods are also important and you will need to make sure that your methods are varied and support all learning styles. Ensuring your learners can all participate is also important, therefore not excluding any of them. Allowing your learners to establish working relationships effectively, ensuring everyone is included and that the room is accessible and safe for people with sensory disabilities or lack of mobility. Additional support may be required to enable you to support equality and diversity this could be in the form of a learning support assistant, adapted resources, peer support, varied presentation. Although inclusion is about supporting your learners needs, it may not always be possible to do this without support for yourself. You should be aware of your limits of responsibility and know when and where to access support for both you and your learners. If you have a line manager then they should be your first point of contact. Your colleagues may be another point as they may have experienced something similar. It is your responsibility to find out what support is available for you. Supporting Equality and Diversity is extremely important and is also a legal requirement. When planning your lessons you should be taking this into account and structuring your lessons appropriately. If you are unsure you should be aware of your limits and seek advice from your line manager. If you don’t have a line manager you will need to get advice on who you should be asking for help and support. Petty G (1998), Teaching Today, United Kingdom: Nelson Thornes. Daines, Daines and Graham (1993) Adult learning, adult teaching United Kingdom:Dept. of Adult Education, University of Nottingham

How Can We Help Promote tourism in Malaysia Essay

Malaysia has been visited by thousands of tourist from all over the world every year. But tourism in Malaysia can be further developed by promoting many aspects that the country has. Malaysia is a land that has been bestowed with greenery, mountains, beaches and rivers. Its natural landscape itself is a great attraction for foreigners. The sandy beaches in Penang Island, Port Dickson and Morib are holiday retreats for Westerners who are deprived of the sun and sea due to the cold weather in their countries. The wind whispering through the tall shady casuarinas and lapping sea waves are ideal places for visitors in search of peace and tranquility. There are natural places which have special attractions for the foreigners to look and enjoy. The Kuala Selangor fireflies is a must to visit. The fireflies in Kuala Selangor are the largest colony in the world. Visitors have to take a boat ride in late evenings to see the fireflies, which lit up the trees in the dark. The nocturnal tours in the boats would be a unique experience for any traveler. This unique attraction can be highlighted in the brochures and the websites in the Internet. World- class theme parks like the Sunway Lagoon and Mines Wonderland must be highlighted also. The Sunway Lagoon, which was once a tin mine, has been transformed into a recreational park. There are also five-star hotels in these places where visitors could enjoy their stay there. Kuala Lumpur the capital city is the ideal place to shop because it promises variety , value and convenience all in one place. Malaysian items like pewter and batik can be found at various places for different levels of budget. Names of places and malls so that the visitors have and idea where to go for shopping for certain items. All these aspects can be highlighted in the media especially in the Internet so that visitors can get the right information about Malaysia and would want to visit our country.

Debates over Immigration Restriction

Name: Trent C. Thurman Course: HIST C175 Debates Over Immigration Restriction The term immigration refers to moving from your native country and coming to a foreign land for the purpose of a permanent residence and searching for greener pastures. There are several arguments by scholars about immigration restrictions to the United States. They had several similarities supporting immigration restrictions. Prescott Hall, Robert Ward, Frank Wright, Frank Fetter and John Mitchell all argued supporting the immigration restrictions. Immigrants from countries other than the United States came in plenty during the 1900s. They were strong and worked in industries during the industrialization era developing the United States at a very fast rate. The Native American saw that the immigrants were highly valuable and so encouraged more and more immigrants. This led to a high population increase and a growing economy. As this high influx of immigrants continued, some issues emerged. The immigrants didn’t bring change in political, social economic and educational matters. They were three times as illiterate as the native whites and those living in Massachusetts were twice as illiterate as the natives. They were very illiterate such that they didn’t see a reason for taking their children to school. Immigrant children were three times as criminals as native Americas. It forecasted that a second generation of immigrants was more objectable to degenerate in future. The immigrants took the jobs of Native Americans but at a very low pay which resulted to cheap labor. The immigrants were very unintelligent, had low vitality and poor physique. They made cheap labor to be very common such that it reduced the standard of living of a worker and led to emerges of poor classes, poor homes and very bad personal customs. It led to socio-economic problems which affected education and charitable institutions. Immigrants were not physically and mentally alert and were unfit for job training. Cheap labor was mainly in railroad, large industries, mining, contractors, and grain growers. They were very arrogant and unskilled such that the towns they lived in were of low standards. They worked as domestic servants in rich Native Americans at very low pay. Illiteracy led to alleged evils on political, social and morals standard of living in communities. The overall effects of a high influx of immigrants’ resulted to more negative effects to native America. For America to prosper, they had to improve their own industrial organization, elevate standard of living and limit the number of immigrants by passing a bill restricting immigration. While others argued supporting immigration restrictions to the United States, other scholars argued against the immigrations restrictions. They were Max Kholer, Sulzberger, Willcox, Bailey, Isaac Horwich, Grace Abbot and Jane Adams. They argued claiming that immigration of foreign persons brought a high influx supply of materials of different characters. Immigrants had the free mind to choose on whether to come or not. They had high intelligence, some financial resource and high levels of energy to work. They were industrious, worthy, courageous, family men, liberty- centered and of high integrity. Those arguing for immigration restrictions should remember that the largest employer of external labor was iron and steel industry. Cigar makers had a high numbers of immigrants from Scotland and English Jews. The company that made direct steamship between china and Japan employed external immigrants from china. The Chinese claim to provide materials for constructing railroads, reclaimed swamp, mining, farming, and fruit culture. Immigrants brought up American civilization by working smart and providing intelligent decisions in industrialization sector. They also brought about assimilative influence in the environment, schools, newspapers, political institutions and social places. A census conducted showed that illiteracy wasn’t found in immigrants but the country they came from and mostly affected their children. In the case of labour, increase in demand led to increase in labour supply, so there is no statistical proof of an oversupply of unskilled labour resulting in displacement of Native Americans by the foreign immigrants. America didn’t have a national system of labour exchange that showed how unemployment is misadjusted on supply to demand and oversupply of labour. From my own point of view, I think the better side is being against the immigration restrictions. They should let immigrants come to a foreign land because he/she carries different, multi- cultural skills and information which have a very positive effect on the native people. It leads to understanding and appreciation of culture, abilities, strengths and weakness of one another.

Organisational development and human resource management Essay

Organisational development and human resource management - Essay Example The acquisition of other similar industries would enable them to expand their activities and reach a wider variety of customers. The developments of an organization along with the management of their human resources are vital methods in ensuring that an organization achieves its set objectives2. The organizations ability of reaching a wider market would greatly have assisted in augmenting their profitability while enabling them to carry out their activities more effectively3. The article stipulates the main objective of Templeton Hardware as making its presence felt in the market through them becoming the retailer that leads in the provision of all al fresco items. Under the leadership of their CEO, the company goes on to acquire ownership of several companies that include the caravan manufacturers known as ‘The Great Outdoors’ and soon rename it to ‘Templeton caravans’. The company also acquires another firm that is known as the ‘Lodestone Landscapes’ at around the same period. Both businesses that are acquired by the company were formerly owned privately by certain families though the former company controlled business enterprises that had long been established. The latter was a contract operator and was established much later than the outdoors company. Lodestone landscaper, the first company to become franchised, had an additional fifty franchises that were located in New Zealand along with Australia and was also a participant in the country’s stock exchange4. The CEO mistakenly relocated all lodestone landscaper’s offices and rebranded them with their name by calling them ‘Templeton Landscape Solutions’. The employees of the company were however offered their jobs but ended up leaving the company. The employees in the other company that had also been acquired by the CEO also quit after the acquisition was

Personnel procedures and the constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personnel procedures and the constitution - Essay Example Whereas before an entire crop of new positions had come upon each time that a new executive took the helm, such a provision ensured that it would be against the law for such an action to continue to take place. However, like many political actions, there were equal and opposite reactions. One of the largest negative reactions that the Pendleton Act evoked was the reliance of government on funds from the private sector and/or businesses. Due to the fact that hopeful executives could not longer rely on donations from hopeful applicants to guaranteed positions, this meant that the government put itself at the mercy of the business sector as a means of accruing revenue. Article Seven of the United States constitution specified how many states were required to ratify the US Constitution in order for it become law. As such, Article VII denotes that 9 of the 13 original colonies would need to ratify the Constitution prior to it becoming the founding charter and law of the newly formed United States. The first ten amendments to the US Constitution, collectively known as the Bill of Rights provides a rigid set of limitations on governmental power with regards to what the founders saw as the natural rights of the citizen. Though these Bill of Rights had little bearing on the way in which the individual states sought to exert their own power, the Fourteenth Amendment made it possible for these rights to be transferred explicitly to the state level. These first ten amendments were originally proposed and written by James Madison in 1789 and were ultimately ratified by 1791 for inclusion in the US Constitution. Although Madison himself proposed that there be 12 amendments, only 10 were ultimately passed and ratified by the states as law. These rights have become fundamental to an interpretation and understanding of what US

DisciplineThief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DisciplineThief - Essay Example It is significant to understand that foodstuff is important for the development of the human body. This is a very great problem because the clinic may lose its credits and this is very wrong. When the company does not perform as expected by the general society, there is a likely possibility that it will fail. On the societal front, it is very difficult for a society to move ahead with these amounts of crime. Criminals are not well perceived in any society because these petty crimes are the ones that lead to even greater and more harmful crimes. Therefore, it is paramount to understand the best means through which to get rid of this vice in the company. The reason for eliminating this crime is that despite the fact that it does not hold a direct effect on a person it has indirect effects. There is also the analysis of the problem that is very effective in ensuring that it is completely eliminated. In this case, the most important step to take is understanding the major causes of the problems. The reason as to why the employees feel inclined to steal from the company is the laxity in the management of the organization. As witnessed, the chief accountant is a regular drunk that makes him an easy target from the manner in which he is not always aware of the activities in the company (Osland, 1997). A major cause of the problem is the attitude of the accountant. The accountant is rather harsh to the employees and this is from the manner in which he even addresses them. This is a reason that may make the employees get a sense of rebellion and want not to feel intimidated. They carry out their rebellion by going against the clinic’s principles and deciding to steal. Maria also caused the problem by simply trying to appear nice to her fellow employees by offering them free foodstuff. This is a common problem because there are people that naturally feel the need to gain popularity and the best manner through which to do this is

Out of Gas and the Quest for Renewable Energy Resources and Simpler Term Paper

Out of Gas and the Quest for Renewable Energy Resources and Simpler Lifestyles During the 1950s - Term Paper Example These changes transformed standards of living, where people evolved from being small-time energy users to ultimately becoming insatiable energy consumers. Second, Goldstein discusses Hubbert’s prediction on oil, coal, and natural production and consumption levels. Hubbert forecasted that the United States will reach the peak of its oil production in the 1970s. Furthermore, Hubbert also showed that the estimated two trillion barrels of oil in the world will run out too, and that the crisis will begin, not until people have consumed the last drop of oil, but when they reached the peak of its production. Goldstein is arguing that people should wake up to the certainty that the world is running out of gas, and that continuously depending on fossil fuels alone would not be enough to respond to the energy needs of the future. He explores different alternative energy resources and explains the advantages and disadvantages of each source. He predicts that based on the rate-of-conversi on problems, the production of existing alternative fuels will not be enough to substitute for oil demand, unless vast progress on their technologies can be attained in a few years. Goldstein notes that ethanol is renewable energy, but is a negative energy resource, because of the production costs. ... On the contrary, it presents considerable safety and nuclear waste issues. Moreover, it cannot power ordinary automobiles. Goldstein finds promising developments in hydrogen-based energy production and improving battery technology to power up the transportation industry. Cars can run on advanced batteries and transport people and goods over short routes. Hydrogen is clean energy, but further research has to be done to improve its efficient production. Moreover, Goldstein is asking his readers to live simpler lives that will reduce energy consumption. I believe in the Hubbert Peak Theory, because the moment society reaches the peak of oil production, tumbling down becomes much faster, like the bell curve production that Hubbert generated. We just need to take a good look at our own lives and around us to see how much we use up energy. We use it in everything we do. In our cars, in lighting our homes and workplaces, in using our computers, tablets, cellular phones, and MP3 players, and even in producing gadgets that do not use up electrical energy like brooms and pens. Multiply that usage across the world, and especially in booming economies, where energy expenditure rises like tidal waves, and we get a rough idea of what unbridled energy consumption means. Once we reach peak oil, gas, and coal production, by that time, our consumption rates must have increased too, as population rates soar and people grow older and use more goods and tools. As a result, our consumption exceeds the rate of oil production, and we plummet down Hubbert’s bell curve. And we do not get to rise up again in another bell curve of oil production, since oil reserves are not unlimited. This is reality, a reality we have to face and to prepare

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management Essay - 16

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management - Essay Example writing business magazine,it involves social and opinion research that is systematic in gathering and interpreting information about individuals and other organizations through the use of statistics and analytical methods in order to gain insight and support decision making. It determines a research plan should outline the objectives of the research and give information on the potential of an idea. Creating a list of questions and creating a plan for answering these questions will prove beneficial at the end of the research. Researching apotential market is essential when setting up a business, the knowledge acquired is invaluable to the future of the business because it helps assess the viability of the venture. When conducting a market research certain points should be considered like the target market and competition. A market research must establish the target market of business; this involves knowing their preferences and style. The target market is affected by their income and lifestyle and this influences their buying decisions. The research will also indicate the quantity the buy by the consumers, this will help the sole trader stock on the fast moving goods that are bough in bulk rather than invest in slow-moving goods that could lead to losses. When researching the target audience, the information acquired will influence the location of the business, it should be located in an accessible and strategic place whether for persons driving and otherwise. A sole trader needs to establish reasons on why the target audience should buy from them and not the competition. The business idea should be wanted or needed by the target market. The main idea behind market research is to gain perspective and get informed to enable make the best decision. Research is also important in understanding the competition, a sole trader may consult the competition products that are successful and find out the reasons for this and the same from the businesses that have failed in

The Poetry Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Poetry Project - Essay Example The inner world of the lover will always be like the ocean in storm till such time the love is fructified. The imprint of her memory is so strong, the poet compares it to the fossil, which are the evidence of life since time immemorial that are preserved in sedimentary rocks. That imprint is impossible to erase because its vibrations are permanent and strong. Calligraphy is artistically and beautifully written words or features. He refers to her beauty as â€Å"rimmed calligraphy.† The beautiful frame adds to the beauty of the writing. Wise people say ‘silence is the sweetest sound on Earth.’ The poet refers to her invisibility as â€Å"a mouthing out of silence.† The poet creates a beautiful scenario, an appealing ambience when he writes, as if some important pronouncement emerges out of her silence. The lover does not have the benefit of her immediate presence in the bedroom. She is somewhere, out of his reach and the poet describes â€Å"where you lie a lone.† He presumes that she is suffering in silence just like him and both lead a lonely existence in their respective destined positions. Thus a picture is created, in which both the lovers are not in a happy position and time has broken the bond in which they used to remain together. Circle and label 5 of the formal poetic devices Alliteration happens when the opening resonances of a word, beginning either with a consonant or a vowel, are repeated in close succession. Example: â€Å"Beyond the bedroom.† The words are close to one another and they highlight the beauty of language in a particular context. Alliteration is more or less is like the rhyme. Image is a picture or a carving, something tangible and depictive and literal images that appeal to our sense of representative perception. Example: â€Å"Like fossil shells embedded in a stone.† Such comparisons appeal to the emotions of the reader. Metaphor relates one object or idea with another. This is an impo rtant element for the success of a metaphor and adds to the grandeur of the poem. Example: â€Å"Rimmed calligraphy.† A good metaphor immediately adds dazzling effect to the poem. They are brilliant tools to communicate with the reader to win the approval and bring forth a confident picture before his mind’s curtain. Rhyme occurs when two words sound alike. It helps to link one concept to another. They may also thematically similar. Rhyme may occur in the same line or at the end of some other line. Example: â€Å"Cold gales; diving whales.† It is easy to identify the rhyme scheme in a poem and this poetic device is very popular in children poems. Symbol is an object or action that means more than its literal meaning. Example: â€Å"Go wreck yourself once more against the day.† The action indicates the state of mind and frustration of the lover The discussion of how these formal devices function Poetic devices electrify the reading experience and add to th e beauty of the poem. The canvass of the poem is limited and within the shortest possible time, the poet has to grab the attention of the reader through the flow of the poem. When the poet repeats the words he does so with a purpose, which is to enhance the development of the image created by the words and augments the fluency of the poem. They enable the poet to introduce a theme or mood noticeably and function as punch line and tender answer to the issue raised by the poet. They also assist the poet in the emotional buildup,

The various market entry strategies Essay Example for Free

The various market entry strategies Essay Research Objectives: This research is undertaken to identify, analyze and evaluate the various market entry strategies in global markets. Specifically, the research will examine exporting, franchising, acquisition, merger, wholly owned subsidiaries and joint ventures. Furthermore, the research will also analyze entry strategies implemented by a number of multinational corporations operating in different industries. Finally, the research will conclude with the factors that need to be examined and investigated before entering a global market. General Introduction: Multinational firms deciding how to enter or operate in a global market must carefully and precisely take into consideration many critical factors including the local business environment in addition to the firm’s own core competencies. An entry mode is defined by Wild Wild (2012) as â€Å"the institutional arrangement by which a firm gets its products, technologies, human skills, or other resources into a market.† (Wild Wild, 2012, p.358) Wheleen Hunger (2010) stated that research had indicated that growing globally is linked with the organization’s profitability. This means that firm’s who are looking for ways to increase their long-term profitability, are now looking for profitable and appropriate markets to offer their products and or services. A firm can select from a number of strategic options the most appropriate method for entering a global market or establishing production plans in another nation. Zekiri Angelova (2011) argued that Firms that want to internationalize must decide on a fitting mode of entry into a foreign market in order to make the best use of their resources. â€Å"The age of globalization has both facilitated and necessitated businesses to move towards the internationalization of organizations of all sizes.† (Wood and Robertson, as cited in Zekiri Angelova, 2011, p.573). There are many different modes of entering into foreign markets. Each mode has its strengths and weaknesses in general terms. However, Zekiri (2011) explained that each single multinational firm would be more attracted to a type mode depending on their backgrounds, nature of the company, strategic objectives as well as the resources. In many cases, there are many obstacles that companies have to meet while deciding to enter other markets, for example; safety, environmental, packaging, labeling, patents, trademarks and copyrights, are factors that businesses depend on being successful. Moreover, It should be stated that the local business environment in terms of political, technological, legal, environmental, and cultural factors should be deeply studied to assess the attractiveness of the target market. This argument is also supported by Zekiri Angelova (2011) as he stated â€Å"it is difficult to understand the business environment in a country without studying the current politic al system and institutions, government policies, and a variety of data and other information on the country’s economy.† (Zekiri, 2011, p.573) Kotler Armstrong (2008) as well as Chung Enderwich (2001) explained that some of the benefits associated with operating on international basis are the increased profits and sales growth, the chances of achieving both economies of scale and location economies. Zekiri Angelova (2011) also added that many firms are operating on international basis for better opportunities and profit potential in emerging markets such as (India, China, Brazil and Russia) As globalization now is fostering international operations as nations are being more open to trade and foreign investment opportunities. Global Market Entry Strategies: Advantages and Disadvantages Exporting: According to many researchers including Wheleen Hunger (2010), Kotler Armstrong (2009), and Chung Enderwich (2011) exporting is one of the most basic and simplest entry strategies as it minimizes the risk and experiment with a specific product. Shaver (2009) defined exporting as â€Å"the production of goods at home that are sold in foreign markets.† (Shaver, 2009, p.1047) in other words, products are shipped from the home country to other countries for marketing. Wheleen Hunger (2010) stated that the company could either choose to handle all critical functions itself or could contract these functions to export management companies. The main benefits of exporting are its simplicity and low cost of investment and risk. Consequently, exporting could be seen as the first entry method used by organizations in order to obtain knowledge of the foreign market. Other advantages of exporting are increased utilization of the domestic plant, thus using idle capacity and reducing unit costs through economies of scale. Exporting also helps in diversifying markets, which reduces the company’s exposure to domestic demand instability. On the other hand, the disadvantages of exporting include high transportation fees trade barriers, tariffs, quotas, and problems with local agents. In addition, exporters have lower control of distribution and local agents. Moreover, Shaver (2009) noted that companies engaging in exporting could face the potential risk of exchange rate fluctuations, and could be subject to custom duties and taxes in the importing counties. Zekiri Angelova (2011) although exporting costs are relatively low compared with the other entry methods, to enter and develop these markets exporters usually incur costs to gain exposure, set up sales and distribution networks, and attract customers. Furthermore, cultural barriers could forces companies to modify or redesign their products including labeling and packaging for the purpose of meeting consumers’ preferences/tastes and local requirements. From on own point of view, which was not discussed by any of the previous authors and researchers, is that exporting is hindering a firm’s ability to quickly respond to the changing needs of target consumers. Franchising: Franchising is one of the global entry modes that has been widely used as a quick method of global expansion, most notably by multinational fast food and retail chains such as (KFC, McDonalds, Starbucks). According to Wheleen Hunger (2010), under a franchising agreement, the franchiser offers rights to another party to open a retail store using the franchiser’s name and operating system. In other words, by the payment of a royalty fee, the franchisee will obtain the major business know-how via an agreement with the franchiser. Franchising is most commonly used in a number of American service industries, such as McDonald’s, KFC, and Starbucks etc. from an own point of view, franchisers are constantly demonstrating their ability to adapt and modify their product offering to suit local tastes and preferences. This is especially true in McDonald’s, which offers different menus in different nations. McDonald’s brand is still internationally consistent, but service staff and menu choices can be modified to local needs. According to Roland Berger Tata strategic management group (2009) McDonald’s in India was able to create localized products where it did not serve hamburger meals as some religions in India prohibits the consuming meat. Instead McDonald’s served vegetarian and chicken meals that gained the favorability of most Indian consumers. Holmes (2003) stated a major disadvantage associated with entering global markets via franchisee agreements. Firstly, he stated that franchisers might find it difficult to manage a large number of franchisees in a variety of national markets. The major issue in franchisee agreements is that product and service quality in addition to promotional messages among franchisees will not be consistent or similar from one market to another. Another major disadvantage discussed by Wild Wild (2012) is franchisees can experience a loss of organizational flexibility in franchising agreements. â€Å"Franchise contracts can restrict their strategic and tactical options and they may even be forced to promote products by the franchiser’s other division. Dahlstrom, Duncan, Ramsay, Amburgey (2004) explained that when PepsiCo used to own the global fast-food chains Pizza Hut and KFC, it used to force franchisees to sell its beverages to their consumers which gained the criticism of many franch isees worldwide. Acquisitions: As Wheleen Hunger (2010) explained a fast way used by heavy multinational corporations in different industries to operate into a desired and profitable global market is through â€Å"purchasing another company already operating in that area.† One of the benefits that he clearly discussed is the synergistic benefits could be acquired if the firm acquires another company having strong complementary product lines and a good distribution network. Lahovnik (2011) argued that acquisitions have been the most popular growth strategy for decades in the US economy. He explained that the 1990s and 2000s also featured a markedly increased volume of European mergers and acquisitions. Economic growth, deregulation and the development of the common European economy accelerated the acquisition process in EU countries. He also noted that the number of acquisitions has also risen in economies in transition. Horizontal acquisitions are the most popular and most frequently pursued acquisition type. From the strategic perspective, the key questions are whether and how an acquirer will restructure the company, and how this will contribute to the acquired company’s competitive advantage. For instance, According to UPI (2012) Boeing is continuing to advance its defense logistics support portfolio with the acquisition of California Company Miro Technologies, a Boeing supplier. UPI (2012) further explains that Miro was a privately held software company specializing in enterprise asset and supply chain management; maintenance, repair and overhaul services; and performance-based logistics management. It will become part of Boeings Global Services and Support business within Boeing Defense, Space and Security. Boeings services and logistics business has grown significantly in recent years and Miro has been a trusted technology partner during that time. (Parasida, as cited in UPI, 2012) Specifically, the acquisition expands GSS product offerings for linking and fusing data from existing systems to improve mission readiness and to reduce sustainment costs. Some of the major advantages that acquisitions provide to multi-national firms are the following. First, Riley (2012) stated that firms could have quick access to resources both physical and human as well as potential skills and competencies. Secondly, economies of scale could be achieved which helps spread the risk through wider range of products and greater geographical spread. However, from an own point of view, the main drawback of acquiring other companies from a different nation is the clash of cultures. From instance, when Wal-Mart decided to enter the European market through Germany it acquired two `German retailers however, the two acquired companies had a totally different corporate culture which prohibited Wal-Mart from integrating its corporate culture into the newly acquired companies. Therefore, from an own point of Wal-Mart’s entry in the German market through acquisition could have been more successful if Wal-Mart carefully studied the various German retailers and appropriately chose a profitable German retailer that is characterized with a culture that is not highly differentiated from Wal-Mart’s corporate culture and can be integrated easily into Wal-Mart’s. Also the acquired companies should have given Wal-Mart a unique opportunity to effectively compete with the aggressive competition in the Retailing industry and offer a unique and innovative value proposition that is not offered by others. Mergers: According to Investopedia (2010) In the pure sense of the term, a merger happens when two firms, often of about the same size, agree to go forward as a single new company rather than remain separately owned and operated. This kind of action is more precisely referred to as a merger of equals. Both companies stocks are surrendered and new company stock is issued in its place. For example, both Daimler-Benz and Chrysler ceased to exist when the two firms merged, and a new company, DaimlerChrysler, was created. Schamotter (2012) stated that the mergers could benefit both companies in various ways. Firstly, A merged company can reduce many of its expenses. Budgets for things like marketing might be shared, while the new, larger company enjoys greater purchasing power, which lowers the costs of raw materials and other necessities. More often than not, a merger results in staff layoffs as positions become redundant in the new single entity. Merged companies can also share office space and eliminate duplicate manufacturing facilities. Secondly, Schamattor (2012) explains that by merging, the new company is theoretically provided with access to more customers. This is true if the individual companies had been demonstrably successful in separate markets, as opposed to roughly equally competing in the same one. For example, according to the BBC, the merger of the German automaker Daimler Benz with the American automaker Chrysler Corp. allowed the new company, Daimler Benz, to access markets in both Europe and North America. Merged companies can offer a greater range of products and services. Because these may be complimentary, the merged company may be able to capture more consumers than they would as individual entities. Moreover, the research firmly believes that merged companies can access a diversified set of intellectual capital through different human skills and competencies that could be used as a platform from conti nuous innovation and new product development. On the contrary, mergers could harm both companies if a clash of culture does exist. Just like acquisitions, a firm merging with another firm from a different culture could lead to decline in the firm’s performance, unsatisfied employees, and more importantly loss of shareholder’s value and decline in the market performance. These arguments are supported by both Wild Wild (2012) and Chung Enderwich (2011) as they both argued that lack of cross-cultural competence is the barrier to an effective and long-term mergers. Joint Ventures: In some situations or circumstances, many multinational firms prefer to share ownership of an operation rather than complete ownership. Joint ventures differs from mergers in the sense that in joint ventures â€Å"a separate company is created and jointly owned by two or more independent entities to achieve a common business goal. The partners could be private firms, government agencies, or public companies (companies owned by the government). For example, BP was forced according to the law in Egypt to form a joint venture with the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation (EGPC) has made our joint venture, GUPCO, an industry leader and one of the largest oil and gas operations in the entire region. Moreover, BP Egypt has another joint venture with United Gas Derivatives Company (UGDC), owns and operates the largest natural gas liquids (NGL) plant in Egypt. Wild Wild (2012) discussed some of the advantages of joint ventures. First, they argued that companies do rely on joint ventures to reduce risk. In other words, a company can use a joint venture to learn about the local business environment before operating solely. Secondly, they argued that companies can use joint ventures to penetrate international markets that are other wise off limits. Some governments do design and implement laws that force foreign companies to share ownership with domestic firms. Finally, â€Å"a company can gain access to another company’s international distribution networks through the use of joint ventures.† (Worley Worley, 2012, p.374) Among the disadvantages of joint ventures, conflict of ownership might arise between the two parties. Also Worley Worley (2012) added that conflict can also arise from disagreements over how future investments and profits are to be shared. Secondly, they are stated that loss of control over a joint venture’s operations can also result when the local government is a partner in the venture. Where governments could decide to nationalize the company and takes full ownership of the venture. Conclusion: To conclude, the choice of the entry mode has many important strategic implications for a firm’s long-term operations. Firms do spend a large sum of money and devote much of their time in determining the most efficient and effective way to enter the desired global market. From an own point of view, which is also supported by the work of Worley Worley (2012), Zekiri Angelova (2011) and Kotler Armstrong (2008) one of the critical activities that needs to be conducted before the entry choice is to analyze and evaluate both the opportunities and threats present in the local business environment of the host country. The culture, which is the set of values, beliefs and norms greatly differ from one country to another and could negatively or positively influence the firm’s performance. Wal-Mart’s failure in Germany was the result of the lack of intercultural competence. The political and legal environment could serve as an opportunity or threat for a specific firm. For example, political instability in a target market increases the risk of investment. Certain import regulations such as high tariffs, or low quota limits can discourage a firm to export its products to this country. Also local content requirements by governments could force multinational corporations to use local resources which might not be meeting the quality standards. Bibliography: 1- Wild, J Wild, K. (2012). â€Å"International business: the challenges of globalization.† (6th ed.). London: Pearson Education 2- Wheleen, T. Hunger, D. (2010). â€Å"Strategic management and business policy†. (12th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education 3- Kotler, P. Armstrong, G. (2008). â€Å"Principles of marketing.† (12th ed.). New Jersey: Peasron Education 4- Shaver, J. (2011). The benefits of geographic sales diversification: how exporting facilitates capital investment. Strategic Management Journal, 1046-1060. Retrieved from Ebscohost research database. 5- Zekiri, J. Angelova, B. (2011). Factors that influence entry mode choice in foreign markets. European Journal of Social Science, 4(22), 572-584. Retrieved from Ebscohost research database. 6- Roland Berger Tata Strategic Management Group. (2009). India: opportunities challenges. Retrieved from http://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2ved=0CDcQFjABurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rolandberger.de% 2Fmedia%2Fpdf%2FRoland_Berger_India_Opportunities_20090706.pdfei=dj2-ULGmGczFswbcuIG4Dgusg=AFQjCNEwgEyYvYOggC_So6o_Mfx5S_CooQsig2=yoLcEuhmRXeawISVMaXBEg 7- Lahovnik, M. (2011). Strategic fit between business strategies in the post-acquisition period and acquisition performance. Retrieved from 8- Dahlstrom, R. Ramsay, R. Duncan, J. Amburgey, T. (2004). Cases in strategic-systems auditing. Retrieved from http://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1ved=0CC8QFjAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.illinois.edu%2Fkpmg-uiuccases%2Fcases%2Ftricon%2FTricon.pdfei=mD6-UNzEKozAtAb-kYH4DQusg=AFQj

Reasons Of Market Failure Economics Essay

Reasons Of Market Failure Economics Essay Market efficiency is the property of society maximizes the benefits it achieves from the use of its scarce resources. When the production is efficient, the economy will obtain all it can from the scarce resources that is available and there is no way to produce more than a good without producing less of other goods. Market failure is a circumstance which a market will overlook its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. Thus, there are several possibilities that can cause market failure such as externalities, market power and public goods as well as incomplete information. Externalities are based on the impact of an individual action on the well-being of a bystander. Hence, they enforced people other than the consumers and producers of goods and services. Thus, externalities are also described as spillover effects. Third parties are refer as people except consumers and producers who are affected by these side-effects of market exchanges. Externalities may be either positive or negative which it may cause beneficial or disadvantageous to the third party. For instance, we are off to bed and our neighbour is having a dancing party with high volume rock music. The action of our neighbour is imposing negative externality toward us and the third parties who are trying to sleep. As the results from annoyance of our neighbours playing the music, this is an example of a consumption externality. However, externalities are also an external positive externality too; by the way, negative externalities are only caused by market failure. On the other hand, the production externality is generated, for examples, depletion of natural resources are caused by atmospheric pollution from factories and the long-term environmental damage. The factories expel harmful gases such as CFC, carbon monoxides, hydrocarbons from the chimney that causes bystander health. The externality is considered to be an important factor contributing to economic growth. Market power is also one of the reasons of causing market failure. Market power, which refers to a firm, can influence the price by exercising control over its demand, and supply. It does not exist when there is a perfect competition, but it does when there is monopoly, cartels, or monopolistic competition. The invisible hand of the market leads to an allocation of resources that makes total surplus larger as it can be. As monopolies can lead to an allocation of resources unlike from a competitive market, the monopolists keep its prices and profits high by using its market power to restrict output below the socially efficient quantity. The monopolists choose the profit-maximizing quantity of output at the intersection of the marginal-cost curve and the marginal-revenue curve. It is not at the lowest point of the average total cost curve, intend that the available resources are not fully use and it will fail to produce an efficient allocation of resources. The inefficiency of monopoly also can be measured with a deadweight loss triangle area between the marginal-cost curve and the demand curve, which reflects the total surplus loss and the costs of the monopoly producer. Buyers who have willingness to pay less than the price will not buy it. It is the reduction in economic well-being that fall out from the monopolys use of its market power. Microsoft market shares in PC operating system in the natural monopoly are one of an example because everyone is using their products. It would also leads to an increase in competition and variety as well as cheaper products for consumers. Moreover, after determining the level of Microsofts market power, we know that the relevant market is the licensing of all Intel-compatible PC operating systems world-wide. In addition, some consumers may not interest on some types of application, they might seek for others, such as Apple Company. Other than those reasons above, the reason which will cause market failure happen is public goods. Public goods can define as goods that will not reduce the availability of it for consumption by others after people making consumption. By the way, once public goods are available, no one can be withheld to consume them for free. Public goods are usually provided by the government examples like protection provided by police, fire departments, and the military. Public goods may provide free rider problem, which means the private organizations cannot get all the benefits of the public goods which they have produced, there would be no incentive for them to voluntarily provide public goods; consumers can take advantage of public goods without contributing sufficiently to their creation. This situation can produce inefficiency and a resulting market failure. When markets failure occurs, it will eventually affect economic recession, social unemployment rate to increase, financial deficits, and inflation and so on. In order to seek full employment, price stability, maintain economic growth and international revenue as well as expenditure in balance; government will launch a series of economic policies to intervene the market economy and to correct market failures. Government policy is a kind of coercive force which is a noticeable act that controlled by individuals and organizations performance during the trade. Moreover, the government policies are divided into three parts, which consist of taxes, price control and subsidies. Tax is an imposed manner which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in the market. When a tax is imposed on goods, this will affect supply curve to shift upward by the amount of the tax. In addition, taxes can directly and indirectly affect on other area such as cigarettes, petrol, and alcoholic drinks. According to the text above it has already shows out that an increase in tobacco tax is the best means to reduce tobacco uses, particularly to prevent young people to become smokers. The price of tobacco products has increased by 70%; it can avoid 1/4 of smoking death rate in the world. In addition, an increase in tobacco tax will not only help or reduce in tobacco production and consumption; it will also be a great solution to the shortage of national financial revenue problem. In high-income countries, 10% of the rate increase in tobacco products can reduce a consumption of tobacco by 4%.Whereas, in low-income countries it can reduce about 8% but tobacco taxes but will increase by almost 7%.For example, in the U.S. government make the federal tobacco tax from 39 cents per pack to $ 1.01, which is by far the most significant U.S. government to raise the federal tobacco tax. Select a recession in the domestic tobacco tax increase to help smokers to quit and this will be great power. Britain is the worlds that has highest tobacco tax. However, in 2009, the United Kingdom has doubled up the tobacco tax. Price control is the import and export of goods or services on the enforcement of price-fixing measures. At the equilibrium price, there will be no shortage or surplus. The government may prefer to keep prices above or below the equilibrium. There will be a shortage, if government sets a maximum price below the equilibrium price. Price will not be allowed to rise to get rid of this shortage. This is called a price ceiling. There will be a surplus, if government sets a minimum price above the equilibrium price. Price will not be allowed to fall to get rid of this surplus. This is called a price floor. For instance, fluctuation in weather can affect the crops. If industry demand is price inelastic, prices are possibility to fluctuate severely at a minimum price that can prevent a fall in producers incomes that would accompany periods of low prices. Whilst, if government sets a maximum prices to prevent them from rising above a certain level. This will generally be done for reasons of fairness. In wartime, or times of famine, the government may set maximum price for fundamental goods so that poor people can afford to buy the goods. Government keeps prices down for the consumers. Besides that, subsidies are also other forms of public policies to overcome market failure. Government policies are very common in countries and it is benefit a lot of industries. Other than that, agriculture, education, free school meals, employment, state benefits, transport, working tax credits, regional development, housing are also some examples of the subsidies from government. In the Egyptian economy, food subsidies can be affected in various sectors. A major objective of a research was done in order to examine the agricultural policy-making in the environment of a growing foods subsidy system. In addition, misallocation and in efficiencies of resources in agriculture take place when food subsidies are hidden costs of such systems. Nevertheless, it is a vital to divide out from the entire bundle of policy goals and relate it with those instruments that are directly or indirectly related to food subsidies. A complete quantitative evaluation of a country`s agricultural policy and its determinants can be provided by its basis. Furthermore, commodities that are strictly controlled on the production section are also strictly rationed at a fixed price on the food distribution are such as sugar and rice. Product such as maize, wheat and meat are non-rationed or not strictly rationed commodities. Moreover, products that are not strictly rationed commodities are considerably to have less interference in allocation and marketing. The input and output prices of agricultural are distorted in different ways. Tax are usually taxed or given under the field of crops. Whereas, the production of milk and meat has been protected by the supply of subsidized and by import restrictions. Food policy may cause a consumer-to-producer to transfer and a producer-to-producer to transfer when a special situation for livestock or feed has been point out, in which it accompanies redistribution of income among the production sectors in an agriculture sectors. In conclusion, as market failure will arise and government will established several policies to improve the market allocation. According to the cases as stated above, obviously, subsidies is the best effective policies that can be under take by market inefficiency. As it is the one of a positive solution and it can encourage producers to put more effort on producing and fully used the resources. The producers have no hesitation about accepting the government most generous offer. They are willing to produce maximum outfit by using subsidies that had given from the government. Hence, subsidies are no way to compare with other policies.

The Philosophy Of Friendship Philosophy Essay

The Philosophy Of Friendship Philosophy Essay and its meaning through the eyes of Aristotle. Walking into this class back in the start of September I thought about the concept of love very narrow-mindedly and often reserved my interpretation to a singular entity defined simply as one person strongly caring for another. Never in my right mind did I believe one emotion could be separated into several forms. While it was obvious to me that the admiration I had for my favorite jeans was not quite the same as in how I care about my Mother, it was not until I took my first Philosophy class did I begin to expand my perspective of love and the types of love existent in human nature. While the majority of people seem to think of love in the popularized all-for-nothing, go to the end of world and back sense, what strikes me as more intriguing is the idea of friendship. From this course I have learned that friendship, which stems from the word philia meaning love in Greek is the highest kind of love/relationship. It is a way of loving that can be sought for with many, but sometimes found to be lasting in only a select few. To me, the way to understanding love starts with friendship and not with romance. Although both are closely linked, romance is flexible and arbitrary while friendships are deeply rooted and fixed in nature. Companionship through friends is essential to loving and loving and can create and strengthen our ethnics and morals. To understand love, more specifically friendship it is important to know that we as human are social beings. We enclose ourselves with many different people, and those especially close to our hearts and minds are called our friends. It is in our nature to be social, for we learn about ourselves and evolve through our relations with others. Because of this, we [as humans] are constantly trying to broaden the boundary of our circle of friends. Aristotle understood the importance of friendship and wrote highly of this type of relationship. A modernized view of friendship can be defined as, one joined to another in intimacy and mutual benevolence independently of sexual or family love (Merriam-Webster). Aristotles view on friendship is much more enlightened and expansive than this; however, his assertions are certainly not perfect. In this essay I will outline Aristotles stance about friendship, show both the pros and cons of his arguments and share my personal beliefs on the subject. Friendship for Aristotle (and Greeks in general) is much broader than the dictionary definition. Aristotle regards both less-intimate bonds as well as deeper, loving connections as ways of practicing friendship. Relationships between couples, parents and their children, neighbors, business partners, teammates, teacher and student, etc. would all be seen as friendships in Aristotles eyes. However, he does make it a point to distinguish between different types of friendship and loves role within these relations. Friendships for Aristotle can be divided into three main categories: Friendships of utility. These friendships are based on people who are useful to each other. This is the sole reason behind them being friends. A good example of a friendship of utility might be the relationship between a salesman and a customer. The store clerk needs the buyer because (s)he has to make a living and the buyer needs the clerk because he needs a particular item. Both have something the other wants. Such friendships are only temporary and do not last very long as once the customer is no longer useful to the salesman, or visa versa, the connection is severed and the friendship ceases to exist. Friendships of utility are common among older people, for in old age people pursue the functional rather than the enjoyable. Friendships of pleasure. These types of relationships are based on the amount of pleasure the people get from being in the relationship itself. People who go out together, or enjoy the same activities might be in this type of relationship. They are friends for their own sake, because the friendship brings them pleasure and enjoyment, not for their friends sake. Friendships of pleasure are common among young people. Young people quickly start and end friendships because what pleasures and satisfies them undergoes constant change. Friendships of virtue. Unlike friendships of utility and pleasure which can include a circle of friends, friendships of virtue are strictly one-on-one relationships. They are monogamous in nature and such a friendship can only occur between two people of the same (or closely similar) values and ideals, and both persons have to be virtuous. According to Aristotle, one can only become virtuous through wisdom and age. Therefore friendships of virtue are rarely found among young people. It is a relationship of mutual respect and love. The persons in this type of relationship are not in it because they gain something from the relationship, they are not friends because they find each other useful or bring each other pleasure, but because they see virtues in each other that they see in themselves. Such love has roots in altruism and agape love and rest on the idea of wanting the best for someone else for their friends sake. It is not surprising that such relationships are uncommon according to the philosopher. Aristotle says that a friend of virtue is another oneself in a sense, describing them as soulmates. A friend of virtue is a key part to self-sufficiency. Virtuous friends spend time with each other and make the same choices as each other. One persons happiness influences anothers happiness and visa versa. The friend, in the Aristotelian scheme, becomes an extension of the individual. In a sociological perspective, the other friend becomes the social relative mirror (Marxist term) in which you define yourself meaning, you only know yourself in relation to your external, transfigured Other. It can be argued that Aristotle is wrong when he distinguishes between friendships of utility or pleasure and friendships of virtue. Are we, as human beings, capable of doing a completely unselfish act? Can we truthfully say that we are friends with someone not for our own sake but for the sake of the friends? It may be a harsh reality to some, but I personally disagree with Aristotle on this. Take the example of gift giving Does someone give a friend a gift because they know he/she will like it, or to make a good impression on the person, or for the idea that you only give a gift to get something greater in return? There can be any number of reasons why someone would give a gift, but in my opinion the most feasible reasons would be ones where the gift-giver expects to get some form of repayment, even if it is as simple as being liked or appreciated. Altruism is rare to find in modern-day Western culture, and no act is completely selfless. Another example could be helping an elder woman across the road. Would you help her because she needs help or because you would feel a great deal of self-satisfaction by helping her? In my opinion, even if only a small part of the reason why you would help her relates back to self-satisfaction, it would mean that you are not helping her without receiving some form of incentive. We are inherently selfish beings. There is always a degree o f self-interest. Therefore Aristotles definition of friendship of virtue is wrong, in my opinion, or at least too exclusive. One of the books studied in this course, The Meanings of Love by Robert Wagoner identified six types of defined loves present in Western culture. The author illustrates his claims by defining and presenting definitions of six expressions of love. His fourth idea of love moral love is based on the inner principles of moral uprightness, stability, faithfulness and integrity. The characteristics of respect and rationality determine the credibility of a moral love relationship. Moral love in my opinion was one of the most intriguing loves I have learned about because it deals with love not in the highly romanticized sense, but targets the basic foundations of human nature and our social interactions. Using Wagoners definition of Moral love, I related his ideals to principle and came to conceptualize friendship in a much more broadened sense. Wagoner reference to Immanuel Kant, an 18th century German philosopher who stated that the legitimacy behind moral love is found in our rational nature which influences our experiences. Kant says that our ability to apply rational principles is what makes moral experience possible (70). In order to form a moral love we must live consistently by two principles of rational nature. First, the same respect and regard we hold to ourselves must be given to all equally. And secondly, our actions must not be self-regarding but instead our relations should be based on the idea that they can be universalized. If carried out correctly, it is the gratification of mutual rationality and strong sense of moral obligation to each other that unite people to love. Moral love is highly rational and is subject to scrutiny reason in order to achieve integrity. In a moral loving relationship, the lover is not so much committed to the beloved as he/she is committed to the relationship itself, because it de fines the individual. The notion of sexuality in moral love threatens its very nature. Kant states, To truly love others is to care for them as whole persons, that is, as rational and moral sovereigns and not merely as sexual creatures (80). Friendship could evolve into a greater love, which could result in a union such as marriage which holds importance in moral love; for any sexual relation outside of this strictly shows utilitarianism. It is the difference between the good and the right, and in this case of moral love, sexual relations only seek to use the other as a thing which is immoral in nature. Moral love can be best defined as a labor of love where an individual is consistently trying to change themselves into universal beings rooted in moral uprightness. Such a relationship could be described as Aristotles friendship of virtue. However, the counter-argument can also be made. Kant differs with Aristotles definition of friendship. Kant believed that an act could only have moral value if and only if you were not the primary beneficiary of the act. According to Kant with Aristotles theory of friendship it seems the friendship can not be a moral goal. A friendship is morally neutral. He goes on to assert that it does not say, or show anything about your moral character. Of course Aristotle would disagree; he would say having a friend of virtue is a goal that every moral person should strive for. Kant believes that people dont seek friendship for friendships sake but to satisfy needs (friendship of utility). Kant sees true friendship as two people taking care of the others needs. If I take care of my friends needs he/she will take care of my needs. Friendship was based on reciprocity. Kant believes that a truly virtuous man is friends with everyone and should not limit himself to a select few friends, as this would be being exclusive. He should love everyone equally. However, friendships by definition are exclusive, and as a result one is forced to play favoritism. According to Kant friendships are the have of people of lesser virtues blocking out the world. Aristotle would disagree; he would say friendships are the way into the world. Kant has a somewhat negative view of friendship whereas Aristotle thinks friendship is good and therefore sought by everyone. Aristotles basic idea of dividing friendship into sections, utility, pleasure and virtue, is good but it can be said that his ideals are too high. Can he be right in saying that only virtuous people can have true friendships? The rest of us with lesser virtues are left with friendships of utility and friendships of pleasure, as only a select few can be truly virtuous. Many would be offended by this and many would believe that although they may not have friendships of virtue as Aristotle meant it they are not inferior and are true friendships all the same. It would be more beneficial to all if Aristotle made it clear that it is possible for everyone to experience true friendship and not limited it to virtuous people. If virtue is attained by age and wisdom does that not mean that everyone is potentially virtuous and therefore everyone can potentially be in a virtuous friendship? Subjectively speaking, I find many flaws in Aristotles views on friendship. The main ones being that he is too elitist, too exclusive when it comes down to defining true friendship and is far too inclusive when it comes to friendships of utility. Aristotle does however make many good arguments, and does a good job with dividing up friendship into categories. It allows us to look at friendship in a more structured way and lets us evaluate different friendships in our life.

Free Euthanasia Essays: Assisted Suicide :: Free Euthanasia Essay

Assisted Suicide To sanction the taking of innocent human life is to contradict a primary purpose of law in an ordered society. A law or court decision allowing assisted suicide would demean the lives of vulnerable patients and expose them to exploitation by those who feel they are better off dead. Such a policy would corrupt the medical profession, whose ethical code calls on physicians to serve life and never to kill. The voiceless or marginalized in our society -- the poor, the frail elderly, racial minorities, millions of people who lack health insurance -- would be the first to feel pressure to die. What about competent, terminally ill people who say they really want assisted suicide? Suicidal wishes among the terminally ill are no less due to treatable depression than the same wishes among the able-bodied. When their pain, depression and other problems are addressed, there is generally no more talk of suicide. If we respond to a death wish in one group of people with counseling and suicide prevention, and respond to the same wish in another group by offering them lethal drugs, we have made our own tragic choice as a society that some people's lives are objectively not worth protecting. How does cost enter into this issue? In an era of cost control and managed care, patients with lingering illnesses may be branded an economic liability, and decisions to encourage death can be driven by cost. As Acting U.S. Solicitor General Walter Dellinger warned in urging the Supreme Court to uphold laws against assisted suicide: "The least costly treatment for any illness is lethal medication." Why are people with disabilities worried about assisted suicide? Â  Many people with disabilities have long experience with prejudicial attitudes on the part of able-bodied people, including physicians, who say they would "rather be dead than disabled." Such prejudices could easily lead families, physicians and society to encourage death for people who are depressed and emotionally vulnerable as they adjust to life with a serious illness or disability. To speak here of a "free choice" for suicide is a dangerously misguided abstraction. What is the view of the medical profession? The American Medical Association holds that "physician-assisted suicide is fundamentally incompatible with the physician's role as healer." The AMA, along with the American Nurses Association, American Psychiatric Association and dozens of other medical groups, has urged the Supreme Court to uphold laws against assisted suicide, arguing that the power to assist in taking patients' lives is "a power that most health care professionals do not want and could not control.

Essay --

Taking a Stand Not since the start of the 1994/95 football season have we seen standing areas in the top two divisions of the English football league. But yet much like the movie ‘Jurassic Park’ these stands are coming back, without the death and dinosaurs this time however. The cost of ticket prices are now ridiculously high especially considering the economic problems we are in. Average ticket prices in the Premier League are the highest within the four major European leagues, the others being La Liga, Bundesliga and Serie A. The average ticket price of a Premier League game is  £28.30, this is a huge price to pay to see a game of football. This compared to the average price of a ticket to a Bundesliga football match which is only  £10, clearly shows the just how shocking the gulf in prices are. However many clubs can claim that this influx of cash each week is needed to support the ever growing maintenance costs of all seated stadiums and to support the club financially at the s ame time. So if only there was a way to lower the prices yet allow the club to make more money from match attendances. Well my friends I think I have found the cure to this disease. The solution lies in the return of standing areas to football grounds. Now these standing areas would not be the same dangerous, hooliganism plagued standing areas of old; no they would be cheap, safe standing areas. Introducing safe standing areas would lower ticket prices and season tickets dramatically; this can be proven by looking at one of the largest football clubs in the world, Bayern Munich. You would expect a club of such magnitude to have season ticket prices as high as the moon, but you’d be wrong. The lowest costing season ticket for the standing area is only  £150... ...s a credit not only German football but standing areas as well. The premier league should be looking over its shoulder, for everyday they waste squabbling over what to do the Bundesliga gets stronger and will soon be challenging to take over the title of ‘Best League in the World’. Even the lousy, misery filled stadiums of the horrific Scottish Premier League (SPL) have followed Germanys lead, by dropping its ban against standing areas. This shows just how far behind the apparently almighty Premier League is, that essentially an amateur league is further ahead than it is. Fortunately the situation is looking brighter as supporters groups from 12 Premier League clubs have confirmed they are backing a trial for standing areas and despite the fact that progress is slow, the wheels are in motion and it is only a matter of time before the momentum begins to build.

Soren Chemical

Q1. What is the addressable market size for Coracle? Is the first year goal of $1. 5M sales reasonable? Ans. Coracle is one of the clarifiers developed and produced by Soren Chemicals targeting residential pools which have smaller size than commercial pools and water parks, that are served by other clarifiers like the Kailan MW produced by Soren Chemicals. Very small quantities of Kailan MW are sufficient to treat large volumes of water but it is unsuitable for smaller-scale applications such as residential pools due to the fear of misuse and safety risks. The targeted residential pools of Coracle have a lower volume of water, a lower volume of swimmers, and a less intense maintenance program. It is estimated that there are 9 million residential pools in the United States. According to what illustrate in the last paragraph of the case in page 7, the frequency of usage of residential pools and residential pool chemicals will be largely increased from May. Also as introduced by the Table A in the page 5, the average months of pool usage are 5 months, which makes great sense because normally people will swim in summer time from May to September, and less people will swim in cold whether from October to April. Currently, Coracle has three leading competitors for residential pool-use clarifiers: Keystone Chemical, Kymera, and Jacson Laboratories, and each of the competitors has a 15% to 20% share of the residential pool clarifier market. So, the remained reasonable and addressable market share for Coracle is 40% to 55% maximally if we do not consider the competition and market share of other smaller competitors. Considering the facts like distributors typically carried tens of the thousands of products from many suppliers, including the regional formulators that sold Kailan MW, at least two of the formulators sold Kailan MW with a diluted version as a private label clarifier, and the competition from leading competitors and small competitors, we suggest that 15% should be market share of residential pools market for which Coracle needs to struggle and address. Therefore the addressable market size for Coracle should be $7,846,373 based on the 15% of market share. Based on the above analysis, although it seems that the first year goal of $1. 5 million sales is quite reasonable if we decide the addressable market size $7,846,373 by 5 (it means Soren Chemical generates their sales revenue mainly in 5 months from May to September for Coracle), which is around $1. 57 million and higher than the target, but it is not the case, and it is not reasonable if the marketing team study it carefully. The $1. 5 million sales goal is too aggressive for the first year for Coracle. Q2. Why is Soren Chemical struggling to sell Coracle? a. What are the implications of the channel structure for pool chemicals? b. How would you describe the selling process for Kailan MW vs Coracle? Ans. Soren Chemical launched Coracle only in September 2006, which is the last busy and most suitable month for swimming. The sales team for Coracle did not consider following effects, which will impact the sales revenue extremely for the first year: 1. Consumers, wholesale distributors, pool service professionals, pool specialty retailers, mass retailers need to take time to know the new Coracle brand and the value they can get from Coracle if they buy it. 2. The stocks in the consumers sides, pool service professionals sides, pool specialty retailers sides, and mass retailers sides will also impact the sales of Coracle, especially in the last busy maintenance month of a year. Especially till the end of September, if the consumers decide not to use the pool until next May, they may not maintain the pools because in the beginning of next May, they need to clean again for the pools for swimming after a long time of non-use. 3. Soren Chemical did not position the good product Coracle in the most appropriate position to its customers. Consumer market of residential pools emphasized more on aesthetics and perceived cleanliness. This is a risk for Soren Chemical to bring Coracle to the market without a suitable emphasis focusing on what the consumers concern more. 4. As indicated in the case, 30% of the respondents recalled receiving the Coracle materials that Soren Chemical had sent in response to their inquiries. Furthermore, 70% of the respondents stated that their distributors had not offered Coracle. All these suggest that Coracle’s sales team did not do sufficient work before they bring the Coracle clarifier to the market and this also weakened their sales revenue. . There is unclear gap between Kailan MW and Coracle even though Kailan MW targets at the segment of commercial pool and water parks, while Coracle targets at the segment of residential pools. There are still at least two formulators who dilute Kailan MW with a private label and sell to distributors for consumer market and this will compete with Coracle clarifier. Q3. How would you rate Coracle pricing strategy? Any opportunity? Ans. The pricing strategy is OK; the retail price for Soren per container of 0. Gallons has been settled as $25. This is based on a manufacturer price of $14. 88, which Soren has ascertained for a 35% gross margin. Opportunity exists in terms of margins for the distributers and retailors. The model must be slightly more flexible if they decide to sell the diluted product. Q4. What action plan do you recommend for Coracle? Ans. In my understanding the pool cleaning professionals are not well or properly aware about the product. So most of the actions must be concentrated around the marketing of the product: 1. Increase the marketing budget to the level where we can advertise to all channels not only DIY. 2. Clear message to the users – who are not technically sound, and make then aware about the facts the product are offering. A clear distinguishing must be established which clearly demonstrate a compression between the inferior products which just make the water look clear. 3. Clear margins for the distributers who may sell the diluted product.

Final Project: Analyze a Sociological Issue

Axia college of university of phoenix| Final Project: Analyze a Sociological Issue| SOC 120 | | | February 15, 2009| Project: Analyze a Sociological Issue In this course you have learned about many different kinds of social problems and controversial issues in societies around the world and in the United States, such as poverty, social inequality, race and cultural discrimination, gender stratification, environmental damage, population growth, and urbanization. ? Due Date: Day 7 [post to the Individual forum] Write a 1,750- to 2,450-word paper examining the impact of a current social problem on a particular social group. You may choose a social problem and social group from the Suggested Social Problems and Social Groups List in Appendix A, or you can research a social problem and social group that is not in the list. However, if you choose your own, you will need to submit a request to the instructor by Week 4. Format the paper according to APA style. Cite 3 to 5 sources; at least two should come from the Online Library. You can also refer to the Recommended Web Sites list in the Electronic Resources section at the beginning of this syllabus for additional sources. Note: Sources other than those from the Online Library or the Recommended Web Sites list need to be approved by the instructor. Submit the paper as an attachment| Racial Discrimination and Hispanics in the United States Even though the population of Hispanic People is growing in the United States, the Hispanic People are still somewhat discriminated against. Growing up in the South West, I have seen many changes in Race and its role in the community I live in. Recent growth in immigration from Mexico has brought about many different feelings and faces to this community. Phoenix, Arizona has become a place of much racial diversity and racial tensions. Hispanic cultures are a prevalent part in Arizona and the Mexican people have become a major part of Arizona politics, I was talking with a Postal Delivery Person and he stated that most new occupants are of Hispanic Descent, and this trend seems to be on the rise. In this community the white race is still predominate but change will come in as the Hispanic Peoples will become more predominate than white, English speaking people, soon I will have to speak two languages, which in my case, I do. Conventional wisdom holds that Latin America is a highly discriminatory society. â€Å"Understanding the extent of such discrimination and exploring the channels through which it operates deserve special attention†. (Alberto Chong,   Hugo Nopo). (2008). Racial discrimination is a term used to describe unruly or unfair behavior afflicted on individuals based on their race. Historically, racism existed from ancient times, one particular race always tried to exert its supremacy over the others resulting in a concept known as racial discrimination. â€Å"Before I go any further, we need to know what makes up Hispanic America†. Mexican Americans: Mexican Americans have become a part of American and have given America much to brag about; through a growing political presence the Mexican community has brought a culture that is rich in heritage which is a vital part of modern America. Mexican Americans have attained socioeconomic and linguistic assimilation as well as legal status. Most are in pursuit of the American Dream of freedom and financial release. Dominican Americans: The native language of Dominicans is Spanish with English being a second language, many Dominicans hold fast to the Dominican Republic as their homeland and many Dominicans migrate back to their country where they were born. Immigration issues abound in this culture, many Dominicans come to America illegally by way of Puerto Rico; Dominicans enjoy living the American dream with the American culture already understood by many before they come to America. Puerto Rican Americans: Puerto Rico is a Commonwealth of the United States and has its own Constitution, Legislature and Governor, all subject to United States Executive Authority. English is taught in schools in Puerto Rico but Spanish is the primary language, due to Commonwealth status, all Puerto Ricans are American Citizens (considered migrants versus immigrants), much is debated in the political arena, with may advocating for full United States statehood and those who wish for complete independence from the United States. Cuban Americans: Many Cuban Americans have come to the United States through political exile, and many have settled in Miami, Florida and a significant number living throughout the United States. The Cuban American, coming to America, in Miami, have created a type of reverse assimilation into American culture, bringing about the terminology known as reverse acculturation, where the residents in Miami have accepted political dominance as well as the economic impact Cuban Americans have on this geographical area. From humble beginnings, earlier generations viewed as lower forms of society, worked hard and obtained citizenship that proved the resiliency of this Hispanic American. Religion has played a major role in most Hispanic American culture; the Roman Catholic Church has influenced many Hispanic Americans but a trend to move away from the Catholic Church, with many Hispanic Americans becoming Protestant, most being Baptist. At any case, Most Hispanic Americans are Religious, and this influences many in today’s Hispanic American culture. One would think that modern society would have learned how to cope with racial discrimination and especially with Hispanics and all the contributions that this Ethnic Group has given to the United States. As American society’s diverse population grows in the next Century the Hispanic Population will continue to grow as well as contribute to our Nation’s economy and society. Hispanic Americans have become a part of America, and have given America much to brag about; through a growing political presence the Hispanic community has brought a culture that is rich in heritage which is a vital part of modern America. Hispanic Americans have attained socioeconomic and linguistic assimilation as well as legal status. Most are in pursuit of the American Dream of freedom and financial release. In America’s case racial discrimination is a reality among Native Americans, African Americans, Hispanic Americans and other immigrant groups and in spite of the ethnic growth throughout America over the past 30 years, racial minority groups like Hispanics continues to struggle for full Equal Rights. Hispanic or Latin Americans make up 12. 5 percent of America’s population, but Hispanics always have been considered a minority group and continue to be discriminated against in the work place as well as seeking accommodation and gaining other public services. Since 911 things have gotten worse in states that border Mexico, for anyone with darker colored skin, according to National Catholic Reporter,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"At Ray Carrillo's welding yard in El Paso, Texas, neighbors talk about the Guard. They also talk about citizen militias like the Minutemen–a local one is called the Border Regulators–that have appeared. And they talk about the sheriff, who has detained more than 800 undocumented persons at roadblocks and turned them over to the Border Patrol. Deputies even asked U. S. citizens who looked Mexican to present papers, according to residents who say they were asked. In late October deputies confronted shop owner Jose Rodriguez, who had posted a handwritten sign in Spanish on his property warning neighbors of a renewed roadblock. Rodriguez's wife, Maria, said the family now felt â€Å"threatened. † A deputy had called for backup and more patrol cars arrived, according to the couple. â€Å"Now I am going to be here seven days a week,† they said the deputy insisted. When Rodriguez complained, â€Å"You're going to break my business,† a deputy said, â€Å"We're going to be here until you close your business,† according to the couple†. McConahay, M. J. (Nov 17, 2006). Hispanic residents wonder if they're friend or foe). As National security is a concern to every American Citizen, â€Å"including Hispanic Americans† We must differentiate between enemy and friend. In Maricopa County, the County Sheriff Joe Arpaio and County Attorney Andrew Thomas have enforced immigration laws and created a task force that targe ts illegal aliens and those who hire them and is of much debate among the Hispanic community in Arizona. The key racial issue in this area is illegal immigration and the effect this problem has had on violent crime in Maricopa County and rising crime in my neighborhood. According to a Maricopa County Attorney News Release, (October 2, 2008), â€Å"An analysis of all defendants sentenced for felonies in 2007 in Maricopa County Superior Court shows 18. 7% to in the United States illegally. Factoring in a random sample of those whose immigration status was initially unknown and later determined to be illegal, the study finds that number rises to 21. %†. This has a direct effect on me and those who are close to me because, it is not known if we should plan to defend our property and make it more secure. With increased problems due to increased migration from Mexico and other countries throughout Mexico, I may be forced to move to a different area where I and my family will feel more secure. The media in the Maricopa County area has different views on the issue of illegal immigration and the so called Illegal Immigration Round-Ups. With most of the media taking the safe route, there are a few that speak out against the County Attorney and the County Sheriff, claiming both are bias and use racial profiling as a means of locating illegal aliens in these Round-Ups. All of these statistics have a profound effect upon the Hispanic American community, when racial profiling continues even when the Hispanics of the United States have been here longer than many other racial groups, the law needs to reconsider how they move forward with security, and what many consider harassment. We can see this during World War II, when America viewed Japanese victories in the Russo-Japanese War reinforced the belief that the Western World was facing a yellow peril. For two decades, after the Russo-Japanese War many Americans believed that a United States war with Japan was inevitable. The image of the yellow peril was mirrored for Americans by the writings of various authors, newspaper editors, columnists, and movies in which Orientals were portrayed as sinister villains engaged in activities of vengeance and treachery. Many Japanese Americans were subjected to concentration camps in Arizona and throughout the Western United States. If American society does not take into account what happened during these dark years of World War II, we may see issues with Hispanics in America being forced to live in certain areas consigned to the Hispanic Community due to boarder tensions with Mexico and Latin Americas. According to the racial discrimination act, it is illegal to discriminate people in the areas of public life on the basis of their race. These areas include employment, housing accommodation, real estate buying, and provision of goods and services, accessing public places, using public transportation services and in advertising. Under this act, even an offensive or abusive behavior or language that is based on racial vilification is prohibited. In my opinion, it is difficult to accurately measure prejudice in America but to a certain degree, yes, prejudice can be measured. When I say â€Å"to a certain degree†; one cannot know for certain if the person is totally prejudiced against another race. My preference for people of my ethnic background does not make me prejudice. I believe the human race as a whole comes from one blood, but for some reason has taken on the different characteristics we now see in the diverse human race. Racial Tensions as well as Prejudice against those who have come to America in the last century have excelled for no apparent reason as we that make up modern America, that came to this beautiful country at one time or another, many racial groups have faced prejudice such as the Irish and Italian immigrants, African Americans, and the list goes on and on. It seems as though wherever human society is, there will always be discrimination against some group or groups. I believe we as American Citizens must come together (especially in these tough economic times) and create a wonderful diverse America, where â€Å"everyone† can be proud of the American flag and the land of the free as our ancestors who migrated to America did. Reference (s): Axia College of University of Phoenix (2008). Chapter One Through Sixteen, Society: The Basics, Eighth Edition by John J. Macionis (2006). Retrieved February 15, 2009, from Axia College, Week Six reading, SOC 120 Introduction to Sociology aXcess Web site. Axia College of University of Phoenix (2008). Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition. Retrieved Feburary 15, 2009, from Axia College, Week Six reading, ETH 125 Cultural Diversity aXcess Web site. Alberto Chong,   Hugo Nopo. (2008). The Mystery of Discrimination in Latin America/Comments. Economia,  8(2),  79-115. Retrieved February 13, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Global  database. (Document ID:  1579566311). McConahay, M. J. (Nov 17, 2006). Hispanic residents wonder if they're friend or foe. National Catholic Reporter,  43,  5. p. 7 (2). Retrieved  February 15, 2009,  from  General OneFile  via  Gale: http://find. galegroup. com/ips/start. do? prodId=IPS Maricopa County Attorney News Release, October 2, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2009 from: http://www. mcaodocuments. com/press/20081002_a. pdf Information about Hispanic Americans Retrieved Feburary15, 2009 from the following Web site (s): http://www. topuertorico. org/people. shtml http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cuban_American http://www. mexicanamericans. com

My Favourite Cafe

I would like to tell you some words about one of my favourite cafes in Murom. It is a suitable place to sit with a cup of tea or coffee or to spend spare time with your friends. In my humble opinion, it would be hard to find friendlier place in Murom than this litlle cafe, but of course it is a matter of taste. This coffee-house is located in Moscovskaya street near the cafe-club â€Å"Happiness†. The interior helps to create relaxed home atmosphere. It is a small cafe, which specializes in serving coffee and desserts with a small and simple dining room. You can find different types of coffee there – espresso, capuchino, latte, black coffee, coffee with cognac, liqueur and some others. Also this cafe provides all kinds of drinks – alcoholic and non-alcoholic, such as juice, mineral water and various types of tea. The cafe’s menu is rather diverse. You can eat salads, fish and meat dishes; tasty cakes, rolls and and pies with different fillings; fruits – apples, oranges, grapefruits and lemons cut in small pieces; sandwiches and pancakes with various syrops and sauces; sushi and a variety of ice-cream, that can be with fruit sweet syrops, nuts and chocolate. The interior of this cafe is rather cosy and comfortable. Inside the cafe one can observe several small wooden tables without table-cloths, wooden chairs and nice soft sofas. There are stands with sugar, salt and paper napkins on the tables. Near the entrance, there is a large mirror, therefore the visitors have an opportunity to look at themselves. Along the walls are wooden cases with some pictures and photos. You can always hear unostentatious and melodic music there. The waiters are rather neat, friendly and polite. Usually the order is ready quickly, and the visitors don’t wait for a long time. Unfortunately, I can’t remember, when this cafe starts its work, but I know that they close up usually at 1 o’clock am. Also, it is allowed to smoke there, but only after 7 o’clock pm. In the evening some visitors ask the waiter to bring them an ashtray, so that they can drink a cup of fresh coffee with a cigarette. The prices in this cafe are not very high. The cost of a cup of coffee varies from 40 to 150 rubles, ice-cream – about 100-130 rubles and a glass of juice 30-40 rubles. Usually I prefer to order several cups of coffee, tasty ice-cream and some sweet deserts – puddings, pancakes, pies, etc. In the middle of the cafe, one can see a small bar with a variety of alcohol drinks, mineral waters and juices. The room itself is looking not very large, yet it is bright, clean and pleasing to the eye. So you can easily enjoy yourself in this lovely place.

An Academic Intervention Model

IntroductionThere is a societal division that lies at the bosom of Irish 2nd degree instruction. Students from deprived or lower socio-economic groups tend to rule in the vocational instruction sector while pupils from the higher societal strata seem to swerve towards voluntary instruction ( spiritual ) sector. In England, at the terminal of a kid ‘s primary instruction, normally at the age of 12-14 old ages the Eleven plus scrutiny is administered to pupils. The intent of the Eleven plus scrutiny is to prove a pupil ‘s ability to work out jobs utilizing verbal logical thinking, non-verbal logical thinking mathematics and English. The intent of this scrutiny is to find which type of school the pupil will go to on completion of their primary instruction: a grammar school, a secondary school, or a proficient school. In Ireland, the Primary Certificate scrutiny became mandatory for students in 6th criterion in 1943, dwelling of three written documents in Irish, English and a rithmetic. It was later abolished in 1967 go forthing no tantamount system of streaming. The patterned advance from primary school to secondary school in Ireland has its ain ( less overt ) choice procedure. The choice procedure is that of the parents and the pupils themselves make up one's minding which sort of secondary school they will go to. Second-level instruction in Ireland comprises of voluntary secondary, vocational, community and comprehensive schools. All of these schools offer the Certificate classs prescribed by the Department of Education and Science, enter their pupils for the same national scrutinies and are capable to review by the Department. The determination, hence, on which school to go to, is based on the community ‘s cultural perceptual experience of that peculiar school. There is a class-structured position of instruction which prevails really much within 2nd degree instruction. This category differentiation between the voluntary secondary school and the vocational secondary school is really prevailing. The division has a civilization which associates the more academically capable pupil with the voluntary secondary school and the less academic pupil to the vocational secondary school. A Brief History of Vocational Education in Ireland { In order to understand how this division is present today, when both schools operate the same class course of study, offering the Junior and Leaving Certificate scrutinies. We must look at the development of vocational instruction in Ireland since the late 19th century. } The Vocational Education Act of 1930 was the first major instruction enterprise of the so Irish Free State. Even today, this Act has a strong influence on the execution of current educational policy. The intent of the Act was to set up vocational instruction in Ireland that would offer â€Å" proficient and continuation instruction. † Vocational Education Committees were established in every county and the schools they ran were known as ‘technical schools. ‘ The proficient school offered an alternate to the more academically focussed course of study of the voluntary secondary schools. Up to 1967, the Primary Certificate was the recognized making awarded to pupils between the ages of 12 and 14 on completion of primary instruction. Today, the Eleven Plus continues to be in a more voluntary capacity but more as an entryway test into a specific group of schools, unlike in the yesteryear where it was compulsory in nature In 1924, the Intermediate and Leaving Certificate programmes were introduced into secondary instruction. The Intermediate Certificate test was taken by pupils after a three twelvemonth rhythm. Students so progressed to the Leaving Certificate, which was completed after a farther two old ages. The Leaving Certificate was and still is the choice trial used to derive entree to third flat instruction. In 1947, the biennial Group Certificate was introduced for the vocational schools. It included practical appraisals and teacher appraisals of the pupils ‘ work. This was really different from the single-exam Intermediate and Leaving Certificates. The intent of the Group Certificate was to fix pupils for the employment. Prior to the debut of the Group Certificate, pupils would hold left instruction without any formal making. The debut of the Group Certificate reinforced the societal differences between the two instruction sectors, the vocational and the academic. The practical component of the Group Certificate appraisals and scrutiny reinforced the perceptual experience of vocational instruction as being of a lower value than that of the academic voluntary secondary school. Writing about vocational instruction in Ireland in the 1950s, John Coolahan in his book Irish Education, History and Structure ( 1981, p103 ) has this to state about the Group Certificate: ‘ [ it ] aˆÂ ¦was of a terminal character with small or no transportation value to foster formal instruction. ‘ He goes on to admit the negative perceptual experience of the vocational system. Sean O'Connor in his book, Post-primary instruction: now and in the hereafter ( 1968 ) felt that by comparing to the Numberss go toing voluntary secondary schools that: A little figure of parents, by penchant, sent their kids to vocational schools-mainly in the midlands-so that they might gain the Group Certificate, which offered well-paid occupations in Bord na Mona and the ESB. Otherwise, parents with any aspiration for their kids did non utilize the vocational system. ( p.28 ) . The demand to turn to this instability resulted in the debut of the Intermediate and Leaving Certificate into vocational schools in 1966. The course of study was besides expanded to include topics such as Building Construction, Agriculture, Economics, Engineering and Business Organisation. Although this went some manner to turn to the educational disparity between the two instruction sectors, vocational instruction was still thought of as inferior by Irish societal attitudes in their rating of proficient instruction. The assignment of Donagh O'Malley in 1967, as Minister for Education, brought reform and important alterations to Irish instruction. He broadened entree with the debut of free second-level instruction. He abolished the Primary Certificate, which resulted in the stoping of the narrow focal point on the three Primary Certificate scrutiny topics of Irish, English and Arithmetic. The inaugural greatly increased pupil registration in 2nd degree instruction. In 1972, the school go forthing age was increased to fifteen. By the late eightiess, society ‘s demand for this signifier of proficient instruction refering to trades, industries, commercialism and physical preparation was altering. This was further emphasised in 1989 by the Department of Education who introduced the Junior Certificate into vocational schools. . The debut of the Junior Certificate into vocational schools addressed portion of the makings disparity between the two educational sectors. For the first clip since its enception vocational instruction had equal position at the Junior Cycle as the voluntary secondary schools. Unfortunately, the perceptual experience of vocational instruction as being of a â€Å" lower category † is still apparent even today. Irish societal attitudes still tend to tie in vocational instruction as manual and practical-type instruction. Middle-class parents see voluntary secondary instruction as more esteemed academic-type of instruction which they feel will basically take to their kid procuring greater chances at third-level instruction and finally a white-collar occupation. Vocational schools still make up a important per centum of secondary schools. Of the 730 2nd degree schools in the state, 250 are vocational schools, providing for 30 % of all 2nd degree pupils ( Department of Education and Science 2010 ) . New Section Roscommon Community School, antecedently called Roscommon Vocational School, was in world a low accomplishing school. Morale and outlooks among pupils and instructors and parents was low. The assignment of the current principal caused the attitude of pupils and instructors to better well. Through a series of alterations instigated by him through audience with the pupils, parents and instructors turn toing countries such as pupil subject, general housework: school uniform/appearance, prep, attending, promptness and general behavior, staff preparation, staff motive etc. order returned to the school bettering with it staff and pupil morale. The school has now reached a tableland, and an chance has been created so that the political relations of divisiveness has been neutralised. Staff now have the accomplishments, attitude, vision, and willingness to develop originative ways to learn more efficaciously, wise man and engage parents and better academic accomplishment of the school. New SECTION ( DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE CONCEPTS ) This thesis will try to place the factors that guarantee the effectual running of a school and look into how the â€Å" Academic Intervention Model † she developed, together with the staff and pupils, and the encouragement of parental engagement can develop societal interpersonal accomplishments, self-esteem, academic self-image, academic accomplishment and instructor, parent and pupil positions and attitudes. A schools ranking in the National League Tables is the flagstone of national and community perceptual experience of a school. It is a changeless challenge for a school to project itself in a positive visible radiation. School selling, good pupil classs and the figure of pupils come oning to third degree helps to maintain the pupil registration Numberss up. In the research survey, I will utilize my current topographic point of work as the ‘action research undertaking ‘ and will work with a group of 40 fifth and 6th twelvemonth pupils and their parents over a biennial period. Throughout the research the school will be known by the anonym of Fairhill Community School. Based on school records such as Leaving Certificate consequences, CAO, FAS and Job Applications it is apparent that the school does non bring forth many high accomplishing pupils. Alumnuss of the school would take up employment, apprenticeships or go to an institute of engineering and merely 5 % of pupils would procure a topographic point at university. The writer feels that an action research attack would outdo suit the research intended. Ernest Stringer states that: A cardinal premiss of community-based action research is that it commences with an involvement in the jobs of a group, a community, or an administration. Its intent is to help people in widening their apprehension of their state of affairs and therefore deciding jobs that confront them aˆÂ ¦ Community-based action research is ever enacted through an expressed set of societal values. In modern, democratic societal contexts, it is seen as a procedure of enquiry that has the undermentioned features: It is democratic, enabling the engagement of all people. It is just, admiting people ‘s equality of worth. It is emancipating, supplying freedom from oppressive, debilitating conditions. It is life heightening, enabling the look of people ‘s full human potency. ( Action Research, 1999, page 17 )